Skeletons of Allosaurus and Stegosaurus in the Royal Ontario Museum Classification Reign Animalia Branch Chordata Sub-ember. Vertebrate Class Sauropsida Subclass Diapsids Infra-class Archosauromorpha Super-order Dinosauria Owen , 1842 Clades of lower rank Saurischia Herrerasauridae Sauropodomorpha Prosauropod Sauropoda Theropoda Coelophysoidea Ceratosauria Tetanurae Ornithischia Heterodontosauridae Genasauria Thyreophora Cerapoda Ornithopoda Marginocephalia  Other multimedia documents are available on Commons The dinosaurs , although deriving their name from the Greek deinos , terrible and sauros lizard are botox brisbane not, as was long believed, the “  reptiles  “, but form a clade highly diverse vertebrates diapsids currently represented by the birds . These are archosaurs oviparous , having in common an erect posture and sharing a number of Present from the Carnian (lower Triassic , there are 230 million years ago), they disappear almost entirely during the Cretaceous-Tertiary crisis there are 65 million years. Only birds, emerging from small dinosaurs theropods the Middle Jurassic , survived the extinction, which allowed them to prosper and diversify greatly during the Cenozoic . With birds , dinosaurs are now a group of vertebrates fastest growing, and tetrapods the most diverse taxonomically and morphologically: their species are also more numerous (about 10,000) than those of mammals (5400 ), which has been told to Guillaume Lecointre , “We are still in the dinosaur era” 1 . If we do not consider birds, dinosaurs called “non-avian” are a group of mostly terrestrial vertebrates casino which was a considerable evolutionary success Mesozoic , dominating the fauna between the continental Late Triassic and the Cretaceous for more 160 million years. Present on all continents from the late Triassic , and include many forms of terrestrial and flying bipeds and quadrupeds, carnivores and herbivores, have developed a range of skeletal and integumentary innovations such as horns , of ridges , plates and feathers . Non-avian dinosaurs among them the largest animals and heavier to have existed on the mainland. That is why, when it ranked among the dinosaurs “  reptiles  “has been called the Mesozoic” Age of Reptiles ” 2 . However, many non-avian dinosaurs did not exceed the size of a human being and some of them were smaller than a chicken. The classification of dinosaurs are two major clades according to the morphology of their basin  : the Ornithischia and Saurischia . The Ornithischia (or Ornithischia) contain only plant-eating dinosaurs that paleontologists divided into three major groups, the ornithopoda which include mostly bipedal dinosaurs, including the famous dinosaurs ‘duckbill’ (or Hadrosauridae ), the Marginocephalia that include dinosaurs flanged and bone dome on the top of the head (respectively Ceratopsia and Pachycephalosauria ), and finally Thyreophora that include dinosaurs beasts overcome armor of bony plates and spikes on its back and tail (the Ankylosauria and Stegosauria ). The Saurischia (or Saurischiens) are divided into two distinct clades, the Theropoda dinosaurs that include the entirety of bipedal and carnivorous dinosaurs, and fish-eating dinosaurs and birds and flying dinosaurs (birds in their vast majority), and the Sauropodomorpha , animals and quadrupeds generally very large equipped with a long neck, small head and long tail. The term Dinosauria was proposed by the English paleontologist Richard Owen in April 1842 corporate clothing and are derived from Greek roots δεινός ( deinos ) meaning “terrible, beautiful” and σαῦρος ( sauros ) meaning “reptile, lizard.” By the mid- xix th  century and until the year 1970 , dinosaurs were seen by scientists as cold-blooded animals, clumsy and slow, having disappeared in the late Mesozoic victims of their stupidity. Initiated by the American paleontologist John Ostrom , in 1969 , the “dinosaur renaissance” is characterized by a renewed interest in the study of dinosaurs, which were now seen as animals active, endothermic and have complex social behaviors. Dinosaurs from their discovery sparked great interest among the public and the reconstructions of skeletons uncovered at exhibitions have always been major attractions at museums around the world. Dinosaurs are in fact become part of popular culture to xx th  century and xxi th  century centuries, appearing in a plethora of books and blockbuster movies such as Jurassic Park and Ice Age 3 . Today, if a “dinomania” button including some children, the popular curiosity has never waned and new discoveries regularly reported in the media maintain a certain fascination for these animals. The word “dinosaur” is largely passed into common parlance and often indiscriminate use tends to falsely attribute this term to other extinct animals such as pterosaurs , marine reptiles ( mosasaurs , plesiosaurs , scrabble word finder etc..) and mammalian reptiles like Dimetrodon who were not dinosaurs.

Summary  [ hide ] 1 Description 1.1 Definition History 1.2 Definition modern 1.3 Dinosaurs and Prehistoric 1.4 Size 1.4.1 Largest and smallest dinosaurs 1.5 Behaviour 1.5.1 Herds 1.5.2 Nests 1.5.3 Coupling and Communication 1.5.4 Hunting 1.5.5 Move 1.5.6 Activity Cycle 1.6 Metabolism 2 Natural History 2.1 Origin of Dinosaurs 2.2 First Dinosaurs 2.3 The crisis Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT crisis) or “the extinction of dinosaurs” 2.4 The current representatives of the dinosaurs 3 “Reptiles” contemporaries of dinosaurs 4 History of their research, their study and public presentation 5 Classification of dinosaurs 5.1 Summary 5.1.1 Family Herrerasauridae 5.1.2 Suborder Theropoda 5.1.3 Suborder Sauropodomorpha 5.1.4 Family Heterodontosauridae 5.1.5 Suborder Thyreophora 5.1.6 Suborder Cerapoda 5.1.6.1 Marginocephalia 5.1.6.2 Infra-order ornithopoda 5.2 Phylogenetic Systematics 6 Key dinosaur unearthed in France 7 Museums 8 Notes and references 8.1 Sources 9 See also 9.1 Related 9.2 The dinosaurs in the arts and literature 9.3 Cryptozoology 9.4 References taxonomic 9.5 External Links Description

Historical definition  The taxon of Dinosauria was introduced by the English paleontologist Richard Owen in 1842 to consolidate a “tribe or suborder separate Sauropsidés” 3 . The term derives from the Greek δεινός ( deinos  “wonderful, terrible, inspiring fear”) and σαύρα ( will  “lizard” or “reptile”). Owen chose this name in reference to the fear that could inspire their size, their teeth and claws often impressive 4 . Indeed, many dinosaurs could be of considerable size (more than fifteen meters long), which earned them a certain success. However, these animals could also have a very small (several centimeters). Recent discoveries have made ​​it more difficult to distinguish clearly between different dinosaurs, yet the fossil skeletons found almost all seem to have similarities with those of Medifast coupon archosaurs. After the dinosaurs have characteristics slightly chiropractic marketing modified. The synapomorphies of the dinosaurs include such a oval crest on the humerus , a skull diapsids , or legs under the body, allowing bipedalism. The first dinosaurs were bipedal carnivores indeed. The herbivory and quadrupedalism appeared after some groups of dinosaurs. Modern definition

Skeleton of Triceratops in the American Museum of Natural History in New York. According to the phylogenetic classification , dinosaurs are usually defined as all descendants of the most How to lose weight recent common ancestor Bankruptcy of Triceratops and birds modern 5 . It was also suggested that dinosaurs are defined as all descendants of the most recent common ancestor of Megalosaurus and the Iguanodon , because these are two of the three species cited by Richard Owen when he recognized the dinosaurs 6 . Both definitions give the same set of animals considered dinosaurs, including theropods (mostly bipedal carnivores ), the sauropodomorphes (mostly herbivorous quadrupeds with long necks and long tails), the ankylosauriens and stégosauriens (herbivorous quadrupeds covered with locksmiths bony plates), the ceratopsians (horned herbivorous quadrupeds).They are animals of the Mesozoic era , but not “prehistoric”. Size

Comparison of the size of a Diplodocus and a human being . Based on fossils, it is certain that the dinosaurs were a group of large animals, although their average size has varied during the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous 8 . According to paleontologist Bill Erickson, the median weight fluctuates between 9 kg and 5 tons , a recent study of 63 kinds of dinosaurs gave an average weight ziPhone of 850 kg (comparable to that of a grizzly ) and a median weight of nearly two tons. In comparison, the average weight of mammals is 863 grams , that of a large rodent. The smallest dinosaur was bigger than two-thirds of mammals. The majority of the dinosaurs was greater than 98% of existing mammals 9 . Largest and smallest dinosaurs

Size of a Sauroposeidon compared to a human being.

Size of Eoraptor compared to a human being.

The Compsognathus longipes of Canjuers , dinosaur theropod typical size of a pigeon, found in Germany and France. Only a small fraction of dead animals become fossils, and only a few fossil specimens discovered are complete, and impressions of skin and soft tissues are rare. The reconstruction of a skeleton of a species by comparing the size and morphology of the bones with those of another similar species best known is an inexact art, and to the reconstruction of the mining jobs muscles and other organs of a specimen is scientifically difficult. It will never be really sure of the size of the largest and smallest dinosaurs. Among the dinosaurs, the sauropods were gigantic, the largest were an order of magnitude more massive than all the animals on the market for Earth. Prehistoric mammals like the Indricotherium and mammoth STD Test Colombian were dwarfs compared to the sauropods. Only a handful of modern aquatic animals approach or surpass them in size, such as the blue whale , which weighs 180 tons and reach 31 meters in length or less. The largest and heaviest dinosaur known from complete skeletons is almost brancai Brachiosaurus (also known as Giraffatitan ) 10 . It measured 12 m high, 22.5 m long, and would have weighed between 30 and 60 tonnes (for the record an African savanna elephant , the largest land animal in the world, weighing an average of 7.7 tonnes ). The longest dinosaur from a complete fossil is the Diplodocus which was 27 m ( Pittsburgh , Carnegie Natural History Museum , 1907). There were larger dinosaurs, but the known data are estimated on a few fragmentary fossils. Most are herbivores found in the year 1970 or later, including the huge Argentinosaurus , which could have weighed between 80 and 100 tonnes  , the longest of all, the Supersaurus of 40 meters  , and the largest, Sauroposeidon of 18 meters , which could reach a window at 6 th floor. A dinosaur even larger, the Amphicoelias fragillimus , known only a few vertebrae discovered in 1878 may have reached 58 meters long and weighing 120 tons 11 . The heaviest could have been little known and even discussed Bruhathkayosaurus , which Wire Cart Covers may have reached 175 to 220 tons . It is accepted now that Bruhathkayosaurus matleyi should not exceed 139 tonnes to about 34 meters long. The largest carnivore was the Spinosaurus , which reached a height of 16 to 18 meters long and weighed 9 tons 12 . Relevant Life Insurance Other large carnivores auto insurance quotes included Giganotosaurus , Mapusaurus , Tyrannosaurus rex and Carcharodontosaurus . Not including modern birds like hummingbirds , the smallest dinosaurs were the size of a crow or a chicken . The theropods Microraptor and Parvicursor were less than 60 cm long. Behavior

A nest of Maiasaura was discovered in 1978. The interpretation of the behavior of non-avian dinosaurs is generally made ​​on the disposal of fossils discovered, their habitat , computer simulations of their biomechanics (based on fossil tracks and comparisons with animals present within the same ecological niche , and the study of the current representatives of the dinosaurs: birds). It also blows air into the casts of skulls of some hadrosaurs to peak to hear the sounds that this experience occurred (without giving any indication on their rhythms and modulations). As such, the current understanding of the behavior of dinosaur fossil is so much like their colors , on speculation , some of which are likely to remain controversial for a long time. However, there is a consensus that some features that are common in birds and crocodiles (the closest group of dinosaurs), such as nesting , were common in all the dinosaurs disappeared (and d especially since the nests were discovered in fossil numbers: see below). Herds  The Nutrisystem discount code 2012 first evidence of herds of dinosaurs was discovered in 1878 in Belgium Bernissart . 31 Iguanodons all seemed to have died after falling into a sinkhole and deep flooded 13 . Despite the discovery that these skeletons were from three separate events 14 , other sites of mass deaths were discovered. These, with many fossil record suggested that the flocks or herds were common in many species. Tracks hundreds, even thousands of herbivores, indicating that the duck-billed dinosaurs could move in large herds, such as bison or springbok . Traces of sauropods allowed to see that these animals traveled in groups composed of several different species 15 , and other young people guarded the middle of the herd to protect them, according to the traces in Davenport Ranch in Texas . Nests  The discovery in 1978 by Jack Horner’s nests of Maiasaura (“good mother dinosaur”) in Montana demonstrated that parental care lasted long after the outbreak among ornithopods 16 . There is also evidence that other dinosaurs of the Cretaceous sauropod as Saltasaurus (discovered in 1997 in Patagonia ) had similar behavior, and that these animals would gather in huge colonies like those of nesting penguins . The Oviraptor from Mongolia was discovered (1993) in a position of brooding like the chicken , which means it was covered with a layer of insulating feathers which kept the egg warm 17 . Fossil tracks have also confirmed maternal behavior among sauropods and ornithopods from the Isle of Skye 18 . Nests and eggs have been found for most major groups of dinosaurs, and it appears likely that non-avian dinosaurs communicated with their young in a manner similar to dinosaurs today (birds) and crocodiles. Some dinosaurs were setting up their nest sites hydrothermal , allowing the eggs to have an ideal temperature and steady 19 . Coupling and communication  The crests of some dinosaurs, such as marginocéphales , the theropods and hadrosauridae , may have been too fragile to an active defense and therefore would likely have been used for parades or for sexual intimidation, although there is little elements of territorialism and mating dinosaurs.

Artist’s two Centrosaurus , ceratopsidaes herbivores from the late Cretaceous in North America. The nature of dinosaur communication also remains enigmatic between, but recent findings suggest that the peak dig lambeosaurines could have functioned as a sounding board used for a wide variety of vocalizations . Hunting  From a behavioral point of view, one of the most important fossil dinosaur was discovered in the Gobi Desert in 1971. It included a Velociraptor attacking a Protoceratops 20 , proving that dinosaurs physically attacked and ate them. Although cannibalism among theropods is no surprise 21 , it was confirmed by teeth marks on fossil Majungatholus in Madagascar in 2003 22 . Displacement  Based on fossil evidence available, there were no burrowing species make t shirts of dinosaur and few climbing dinosaurs. Since the expansion of mammals in Cenozoic saw the appearance of many burrowing species and vines, the lack of evidence for similar dinosaur species is somewhat surprising. An understanding of how dinosaurs moved is the key behavioral patterns of species. The web hosting review biomechanics in particular has provided many elements such as the determination of the running speed of dinosaurs from the study of forces exerted by muscles and gravity on the structure of their skeleton 23 , 24 , whether diplodocides could create a sonic boom sweeping the air with their whip-like Criminal Defense Attorney Chicago tail 25 , whether giant theropods had to slow down when they pursued their prey to avoid fatal injuries 26 , and whether sauropods could float 27 . Business cycle  The prevailing scientific theory so far is that dinosaurs had lifestyles daytime , when the first mammals appeared were crepuscular or nocturnal 28 , 29 . A paleontological study in 2011 of the ocular structure (length of the orbit and sclerotic ring diameter) of 33 species of archosaurs , compared to that of 164 extant species (including reptiles, birds and mammals), shows that carnivorous dinosaurs were partially nocturnal, flying dinosaurs and pterosaurs mainly diurnal and herbivorous dinosaurs mainly cathéméraux (active both day and night) 30 . Metabolism  Main article: Physiology of dinosaurs . A French study on the composition isotope in oxygen of the teeth and bones of 80 dinosaurs of the Cretaceous ( theropods , sauropods , ornithopods and ceratopsians 31 ) from deposits in North America, Europe, Africa and Asia, showed that they were to be warm-blooded . The ratio 18 O / 16 O – which depends on the temperature internally of the live animal – is identical to that of mammals and birds , warm-blooded, and differs markedly from that of reptiles present, ectotherms , electronic cigarette and chelonians and crocodilians Cretaceous fossils . The presence of Haversian structures (micro-channels surrounded by a concentric layer of bone in the skeleton) in fossil bones would also be an element for character endotherm 32 . A team of Florida found that the temperature was proportional to the mass and growth rates ranging from 25 ° C for small dinosaurs to 41 ° C for the largest 33 . They applied a model digital , to estimate body temperature depending on the size and growth rate in eight species of psittacosaure ( Psittacosaurus mongoliensis , 12 kg ) at the Apatosaurus ( Apatosaurus Excelsus , 26 000 kg) . According to this team, the internal temperature of Sauroposeidon Proteles , the heaviest dinosaur known ( 60 tons ), would reach 48 ° C . This model would therefore tend to prove that large dinosaurs were heated by “inertial homeothermy”. Natural History

Origin of the Dinosaurs

A reconstruction of Herrerasaurus , one of the oldest known dinosaurs, around -230 million years to the Upper Triassic. Dinosaurs appeared in the superorder of reptiles archosaurs , a group of small reptiles diapsids from the late Permian and especially the early Triassic . The extinction of the radical end of the Permian , about -250 000 000 years, swept 90% of species at the time, allowing groups of animals or plants to take off evolutionary radiation, including amniotes , which include the ancestors of dinosaurs, as well as reptiles and mammals, past and present. Many geological events are contemporary with the crisis. Small diapsids reptiles, that is to say that the skull has two pairs of windows behind the orbits, have prédentaires bones at the front of the mandible and like all reptiles of the time, members Transverse or semi -erect. They are due to the first specific feature called thécodontes . They go to a conquest Plastic Storage Bins of living environments, and they differ in three main categories: the pterosaurs or flying reptiles; the crocodile , whose reptilian lineage has survived in a medium amphibious; the dinosaurs , which suitable for ground mobility, have legs erect in a plane parallel to the sagittal plane of the body. Their postures are following a rapid change similar to those of birds and mammals. Analysis of the structure of the basin, with three paired bones, ilium , pubis , ischium allows you to find the differences. And paleontologist Harry Govier Seeley founded in 1887 34 , 35 the crucial distinction between: the saurischiens , literally “to tank reptiles.” The pelvic bones server monitoring are configured triradiée. the ornithischian , “bird-hipped”. The resemblance is invoked here rather superficial, but there are conformations in which the pubis is parallel to the ischium down and back. First dinosaurs  The oldest known dinosaur fossils are carnivores aged hcg diet 225 to 230 million years, Eoraptor and Herrerasaurus . Both shows have a certain specialization, since they are saurischiens Plastic Storage Containers , dating from the divergence between dinosaurs ornithischian and saurischiens . Note that all dinosaurs have teeth homodonte like other reptiles. Herrerasaurus is not only a saurischien, but perhaps a theropod already claimed 36 . Fossil footprints significantly older, and assigned to the dinosaurs, are also known. The oldest dates from 248 million years and involve “small reptiles quadrupeds, the size of a cat, [that] have left their mark in the clay there are about 250 million years [...] . These were not found in the south-west [of] Poland, the Holy Cross Mountains. [...] [...] The footprints were left there 248 million years of reptiles such Prorotodactylus , quadrupeds with paws of five fingers, three fingers are the most highly central printed in the soil . Close to each other, these tracks are different from those of other reptiles of the group of crocodiles and lizards 37  . ” “Traces [...] more recent discoveries by the team of Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki University of Warsaw date back 246 million years. Larger-about fifteen centimeters they were left by the dinosaurs of the genus Sphingopus , bipedal 37  . ” These are probably traces back the first species of dinosaurs still undifferentiated between ornithischian and saurischiens few million years earlier, from the late Permian . The Triassic-Jurassic extinction then allowed the explosion radiation of dinosaurs, releasing ecological niches . The crisis Cretaceous-Tertiary (KT crisis) or “dinosaur extinction”  Main article: Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction .

One reason for the disappearance of the dinosaurs. The disappearance of auto insurance quote the dinosaurs gave rise to many theories, some wacky as the destruction of the dinosaurs by aliens , and others more likely and scientifically testable. It should be noted that the extinction of dinosaurs is a semantic problem: the dinosaurs are not extinct because there are still birds . However, there was indeed a crisis in the late Cretaceous , there are 65 million years. Although the latter has had a moderate impact on biodiversity in general (when compared to the crisis Permo – Triassic or even that of the Ordovician ) and has decimated most marine organisms such as foraminifera and not norfolk island holidays terrestrial organisms on which the extinction is much lower, it became very famous because of the on-media on the dinosaurs. The comparison of extinction rates, taxon by taxon, shows that some of the contemporary clades of dinosaurs have been very affected (such as plesiosaurs and pterosaurs ) and others much less ( crocodilians and chelonians for example). This crisis has eliminated non-avian dinosaurs living at the time. The most likely Denver Divorce Lawyer causes that induced the crisis KT are: the fall of an asteroid or comet about ten miles in diameter causing a major disaster which, through debris from the collision, the Earth plunged into darkness and cold for several years, preventing and photosynthesis, which induced a massive decline in plants and especially in plankton and led to the extinction of many species dependent on these resources regardless of their trophic level. This theory, today well-argued ( Chicxulub crater in Mexico dated -65 Ma), which promote a certain extent explain the differential survival of taxa. In addition, following recent discoveries (April 2008) of cenospheres (microscopic spheres is formed by the combustion of coal and crude oil) in sediments of the crisis KT, the researchers believe that the meteorite could crash into an oil reserve, and project into the atmosphere large quantities of oil burning explaining the disappearance of most species 38 . However studies of the crater by coring put this impact 300,000 years before car transport the mass extinctions. This does Jewish Wedding Gifts not exclude completely the role of this asteroid into extinction, but includes it in a multifactorial theory also making the link with climate change. This impact, however, remains the only factor that could explain the rapid disappearance of species during this crisis. eruptions in the late Cretaceous of a ” supervolcano “, due to the presence of a hot spot now under the cna certification island of Reunion , which formed the Deccan Traps in India for a short period at the time geological (at least 1 million years), causing a global catastrophe by changing climate and reducing photosynthesis by plunging the engagement rings Earth into darkness through a cloud of ash and sulfurous haze. This theory is also argued that the above theory, including the dating of -65 Ma and traps of the Deccan, with an area equivalent to France several times, and results in the decrease in brightness on the surface of online snow gear the Earth during the recent eruption of Pinatubo (April 1991) to Philippines . This theory overlaps with that of the meteoric collision of atmospheric effects. marine regressions very important in the late Cretaceous changing the conformation and extent of coastal and benthic while inducing a significant climate change. This theory is also based on sound evidence and it is now known that a very large marine regression took place in the Upper Cretaceous. These three theories are based on facts and KT crisis could be the result of near-simultaneity of these three events. Opinions differ regarding the relative importance of each. The current representatives of the dinosaurs

Archaeopteryx, Berlin, 1863 The first fossil of bird , the Archaeopteryx , the Jurassic, was discovered in Bavaria in 1861. Its resemblance to some small bipedal carnivorous dinosaurs, like Compsognathus , immediately reveals the theory that birds descended from a group of dinosaurs in the Cœlurosauriens . For a century, this theory remains controversial, even rejected. Indeed, birds have clavicles , while cœlurosauriens did not. But the emphasis is excessive clavicles: carnivores have no clavicles, they are nonetheless mammals. Since the year 1970 , however, Cœlurosauriens equipped clavicles were discovered (even in groups least derivatives) and the theory of dinosaurian origin of birds is again dominant. In the year 1990 , many fossils of feathered dinosaurs were found mainly in the region of Liaoning, China and helped to turn this theory. engagement ring This is in some cases of primitive birds, and other non-avian dinosaurs with feathers or proto-feathers. The interpretation is made ​​of these findings is that one or more species of dinosaur cœlurosaurien (see ancestor of Cœlurosauriens itself) has developed the character “feather”, apparently it without using it for flight, and has created quite a number of species of feathered dinosaurs. One species of feathered dinosaurs have, millions of years later, gave birth to the common ancestor of all birds. In 2011, Canada, eleven feathers of dinosaurs, colored (brown to black) were found in amber dating from 78 to 79 million years (Late Cretaceous) with barbs and barbules visible, similar to modern birds, with indices of permeability may suggest that this ( in this case) semi-aquatic animals 39 . Various evidence suggests that dinosaur feathers were often colored 40 .

Although this theory making birds a subgroup of the dinosaurs is largely dominant, there are still dissenters, grouped under the acronym “  BAND ” Birds Are Not Dinosaurs . “Reptiles” contemporaries of the dinosaurs

Many lines once described as “  reptilian  “lived in the same geological time as the dinosaurs, and have sometimes been confused with dinosaurs in film and literature. The best known are: the pterosaurs (formerly qualified “flying reptiles”) including Pteranodon and the Pterodactyl  ; the plesiosaurs , the pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs (once qualified as “marine reptiles”), and mosasaurs (the only ones that could be called “marine reptiles” since it is the lépidosaures , such as current monitor lizards ). None of these lines is scientifically classified as a “dinosaur.” History of their research, their study and public presentation

Main article: History of paleontology . The Mesozoic fossils of large animals are known since the dawn of humanity, but their real identifications have emerged after millennia of free ipad interpretation mythological , and after decades of assumptions fanciful even within a geological and a scientific paleontology, but missing the beginning of a sufficient number of data. For the Chinese were the bones of dragons , for Europeans the remains of the biblical giants and other creatures killed by the flood . Georges Cuvier described a lizard sailor, the mosasaur (a contemporary of the dinosaurs, but that was not a), from 1808 . The first identified and named species are the Iguanodon , discovered in 1822 by the English geologist Gideon Mantell , who noticed similarities between his fossils and bones of the iguana contemporary. The first scientific paper on dinosaurs appeared two years later. It is published by the Reverend William Buckland , Professor of Geology at the University of Oxford , and for Megalosaurus bucklandii , including a fossil was found near Oxford. The study of Cell Phone Accessories these “great fossil wedding ring lizards” is the subject of great interest in scientific circles in Europe and U.S., and the English paleontologist Richard Owen coined the term “dinosaur” in 1842 . He noted that the remains found earlier ( Iguanodon , Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus ) have many characteristics in common and decided to create a new taxonomic group. With the help of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha , husband of Queen Victoria , he created the Natural History Museum of London , South Kensington (Natural History Museum), to display the national collection of dinosaur fossils, and some other objects of botany and geology. Popularizer benefiting from big budgets to see and to touch what he believes is an accurate reconstruction, Richard Owen makes his popular name that reached a peak in the curious crowds around 1890. The naturalist Thomas Henry Huxley proposed ornithoscélidés, literally “in the thigh of birds.” Hermann Meyer prefers Pachypodium that is to say “feet thick.” These names do not leave the circle of readers learned. But after 1887, experts in natural sciences tired of the sight of Owen, order rigorously the instant payday loans different families of Saurischiens and Ornithischia [ref. needed] . In 1858 the first American dinosaur fossil was discovered, in marl pits near the small town of Haddonfield in New Jersey (this is not the first dinosaur fossil found in America, but the first identified as such). The animal is named Hadrosaurus foulkii , named after the city and its discoverer: William Parker Foulke . This finding is crucial because it was the first nearly complete skeleton discovered, and Joseph Leidy shows beyond doubt that the animal was bipedal. Until now most scientists believe that dinosaurs walked on all fours like lizards. The discovery of the Hadrosaurus biped effervescent marks the beginning of a hunt for dinosaur fossils in the United States. The tug of war between Edward Drinker Cope , wealthy amateur geology and paleontology, a native of Philadelphia and Othniel Charles Marsh , happy New York heir of George Peabody at age 21 and tireless prospector, is known as the “  bone wars  ” ( Bone Wars ). Their quarrel hopeless after 1870, born of a rivalry in the hunt dinosaurs multiplied by many quarrels with Como Bluff, deposit excavated by two workers of the Union Pacific and finally operated by OC Marsh, lasts almost 30 years, and ended in 1879 when Cope died after spending his entire fortune in this quest. Marsh who survived him twenty years emerged victorious, but avoids the ruin that with the unexpected assistance of the Organization of the United States Geological Survey (USGS). The collection of Edward Cope, a prolific author of denver auto accident lawyer more than 1,800 scientific articles since its eighteen years, which did not prevent him to place his head on the tail of a plesiosaur, is now in the History Museum Natural New York , that of the Marsh Natural History Museum of Peabody, at the Yale University . Wizard Cope, Charles Sternberg Hazelius help of his three son took over the torch by undertaking, at the beginning of the next century missions in Alberta , in Kansas , in Montana and Wyoming . In this state it is in 1908 the first impression of mummified skin of what turns out to be a Anatosaurus . A second similar discovery was made ​​in 1910. Part of the team joined in 1913, Barnum Brown , who, sometimes with his friend Henry Fairfield Osborn , prospecting since 1910 the banks of the Red Deer River between Alberta and Montana. The barges researchers, disturbed in their tracking over water by pesky mosquitoes, drift with the current. But the harvest of discoveries is worth it: skeletons of theropods, aratopsiens, hadrosaurs [ref. required] … Researchers at the Second Reich announced the widespread and systematic hunting distant, by their success in the German colonies of East and West Africa. In the current Tanzania , the site of large sauropods Tendaguru book of the family and small brachiosaurids stégosauriens kind Kentrosaurus to German paleontologists. Janensch Werner oversees the collection repatriated to the Natural History Museum of Berlin. Edwin Hennig continues the investigations Africa between 1908 and 1912. It is through an exploration Asia in search of the origin of man as the Smithsonian Institution , through its Natural History Museum , combines the decisive discoveries in the Gobi desert between 1922 and 1925. The mission of the American Museum of Natural History, led by Roy Chapman Andrews , led by Osborn and Granger, discovered eggs and nests of Protoceratops andrewsi . The Chinese border and had already attracted a Russian expedition between 1915 and 1917. The Russian missions, a source of prestige, resumed in 1946 and 1948. The Chinese return early in the race and start their own science missions after 1933. After cooling of Sino-Soviet relations, they are confined to Mongolia . The Russian-Mongolian missions and Polish-Mongolian succeed in the years 1960 and 1970. The Gobi is then the paradise of dinosaur hunters. More than the few journals, newspapers and radio tell of the adventures adventurous. China is investing strongly the specialty of vertebrate paleontology. The time of the terrible dragon-Hong Kong recognized in the bowels of the earth and worshiped leaves room for scientific analysis. Renowned specialists such emerging CC Young alias Zhoug Yang and Dr. Jian-Dong Zhimming who discover more than a hundred species unknown in China: sauropod Mamenchisaurus , Hadrosaur Tsintaosaurus , prosauropod Lufengosaurus , Stegosaurus Tuojiangosaurus … Knowledge of the fauna of the Mesozoic also increases with the Franco-Norwegian expedition of Spitsbergen in 1968, paleontologists French electric cigarette are advantaged by prior knowledge of the geological period in the Sahara and North Africa [ref. needed] . The search for fossils has extended to the entire surface of the globe, including Antarctica , where a Nodosaurid Ankylosaurus was discovered in 1986 , on the Ross Island . But it is in 1994 that a dinosaur actually living Antarctica Cryolophosaurus ellioti , is described in a scientific journal. Areas of particular interest today are South America, and especially the Argentina and China , including the basement revealed numerous well-preserved skeletons. Classification of dinosaurs

There are not so long ago, it ranked in the dinosaurs: the ichthyosaurs, the pliosaur, plesiosaurs (3 groups of aquatic reptiles) and pterosaurs (flying reptiles), which today are considered evolutionary lineages independent of the dinosaurs from the Mesozoic reptiles that lived at. Dinosaurs were an extremely diverse group of animals, according to a 2006 study, 527 dinosaur genera have been described with certainty, and more than 1844 kinds are still classified 41 , 42 . Some were herbivorous, others carnivorous. Some dinosaurs were bipeds, some were quadrupeds and some, such Ammosaurus and Iguanodon , could walk as well on two legs or four. The dinosaurs denver martial arts are named accurately according to their genus and species. Often, this species name is given by the name of the place of its discovery as Saltasaurus , the dinosaur of the river in Salta Argentina , according to an anatomical peculiarity as Triceratops , the three-horned face, or based the name of a paleontologist known as Othnielia to Othniel Charles Marsh . payday loan With the development of paleontology, the names of species are becoming. The Greek and Latin roots are replaced sometimes by Chinese roots, as Mongolian or African Nqwebasaurus from the Xhosa , a language of South Africa 43 . Summary Table  Based on the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , we can recognize from 630 to 650 kinds of dinosaurs, bringing together thousands of species of dinosaurs (about thirty new species are described every year). Just over half of these species are represented by only one specimen (often incomplete) and less than 20% of species are known by more than five specimens. This overview provides links between the major groups of dinosaurs. Can be found on the right a few genres illustrating the orders and families represented. Order Saurischia Order Ornithischia Family Herrerasauridae  Suborder Theropoda  Infra-order Coelophysoidea Infra-order Ceratosauria Family Ceratosauridae Super-family Abelisauroidea Family Noasauridae Family Abelisauridae Infra-order
Tetanurae Super-family Megalosauroidea Family Marshosauridae Family Megalosauridae Family Spinosauridae Subfamily Baryonychinae Subfamily Spinosaurinae Super-family Neotetanurae Division Allosauroidea Family Sinraptoridae Family Allosauridae Division Carcharodontosauria Family Carcharodontosauridae Family Neovenatoridae Subfamily Megaraptor Division Coelurosauria Super-family Tyrannosauroidea Family Coeluridae Family Tyrannosauridae Subfamily Tyrannosaurinae Family Compsognathidae Subdivision of Maniraptoriformes Infradivision of Arctometatarsalia (or Ornithomimosauria ) Infradivision of Maniraptora Super-family Therizinosauroidea Family Therizinosauridae Families Alvarezsauridae Infra-order Oviraptorosauria Paravas Infra-order Deinonychosauria Family Dromaeosauridae Family Troodontidae Avialae Suborder Sauropodomorpha  Sauropodomorpha basal Anchisauria Infra-order of the prosauropod Family Anchisauridae Plateosauria Family Plateosauridae Family Massospondylidae Infra-order Sauropoda Basal Sauropoda Family Melanorosauridae Eusauropoda Eusauropoda basal Family Mamenchisauridae Family Cetiosauridae Turiasauria Division Neosauropoda Super-family Diplodocoidea Family Rebbachisauridae Flagellicaudata Family Dicraeosauridae Family Diplodocidae Subdivision of Macronaria Macronaria basal Camarasauromorpha Family Camarasauridae Sub-division of Titanosauriformes Family Brachiosauridae Somphospondyli Somphospondyli basal Super-family Titanosauria Titanosauria basal Lithostrotia Lognkosauria Family Nemegtosauridae Family Saltasauridae Family Heterodontosauridae  Suborder Thyreophora  Thyreophora basal Thyreophoroidea Thyreophoroidea basal Infra-order Stegosauria Family Stegosauridae Subfamily Stegosaurinae Family Huayangosauridae Infra-order Ankylosauria Family Nodosauridae Family Ankylosauridae Subfamily Ankylosaurinae Neornithischia Neornithischia basal Suborder Cerapoda  Marginocephalia  Infra-order Pachycephalosauria Pachycephalosauria basal Pachycephalosauridae Pachycephalosauridae basal Subfamily Pachycephalosaurinae Infra-order Ceratopsia Family Psittacosauridae Neoceratopsia Neoceratopsia basal Coronosauria Family Leptoceratopsidae Family Protoceratopsidae Family Ceratopsidae Subfamily Centrosaurinae Subfamily Chasmosaurinae Infra-order ornithopoda  Ornithopoda basal Iguanodontia Iguanodontia basal Dryomorpha Dryomorpha basal Ankylopollexia Ankylopollexia basal Super-family Iguanodontoidea Iguanodontoidea basal Family Hadrosauridae Subfamily Hadrosaurinae Subfamily Lambeosaurinae Phylogenetic systematics.                  

Main dinosaur unearthed in France

Main article: Dinosaurs in France . Let’s make a non-exhaustive list of areas known geological discoveries of dinosaurs. Triassic of western and eastern France: Airel in Channel  : skeleton coelurosaurs , Halticosaurus. Pierreclos in Saone-et-Loire  : remains of Plateosaurus The Chappou in the department of Ain  ​​: Thecodontosaurus. Salins , Arbois , Poligny , Moissey and Domblans in the Jura  : Plateosaurus, prosauropod. Violot and Provenchères-sur-Meuse in Haute-Marne  : Plateosaurus Luneville and Saint-Nicolas-de-Port in the east of the Meurthe-et-Moselle  : prosauropods kind of Plateosaurus and Thecodontosaurus, coelurosaurs teeth. Jurassic of Normandy, Picardy and e cigarette Jura Norman shores, mouth of the Seine and cliffs of the Pays de Caux , especially in the vicinity of Caen , Argens , Villers-sur-Mer , Dives , Honfleur , from Havre  : dinosaurs, large theropods, Megalosaurus, or Piveteausaurus Streptospondylus, coelurosaurs, stegosaurus Lexovisaurus … Boulogne-sur-mer and the Boulonnais  : remains of sauropopdes, mégalosauridés, coelurosaurs, Camptosaurus (primitive ornithopod) Damparis in the Jura: remains of large sauropod Bothriospondylus of its kind, mégalosauridés … Jurassic-Cretaceous transition Canjuers in the Var  : the small skeleton Compsognathus in the limestone lithographic (1971) Lower Cretaceous: Pays de Bray and Villers-Saint-Barthélemy in the Oise  : remains of sauropods Wimereux in the Pas-de-Calais  : Mégalosauridés Wassy in Haute-Marne, Cousancelles , Ville-sur-Saulx in Meuse , Louppy-le-Château , Varenne , Grandpre in the Ardennes: Mégalosauridés type Erectopus, Iguanodon and iguanodontids … Bedoin and suits brisbane Mondragon in the Vaucluse  : small sauropod Fons and Serviers-et-Labaume in the Gard  : teeth of theropods Deinonychosauridés of its kind. Upper Cretaceous of Languedoc, Provence or the west side: St. Martory in Haute-Garonne  : fragment of mandible of hadrosaur (identified after 1975) Villeveyrac , Saint-Chinian , Montpellier and Argelliers in Herault, Albières and F in the Aude  : Iguanodondidés Rhabdoton, Orthomerus hadrosaur, and sauropods Hypselosaurus Titanosaurus, Ankylosaurus Struthiosaurus, large and small theropods … Aix-en-Provence and neighboring countries in the Bouches-du-Rhône and the Var: deposits of dinosaur eggs Near the lighthouse Chassiron , Island of Oleron , Veillon in Vendée  : dinosaur footprints, the last spectacular site … Quaternary sediments with Mesozoic reworked by erosion or sea Shelly sands of Touraine  : hadrosaur teeth …